Arché : centre for the philosophy of logic, language, mathematics and mind
http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~arche/
Based at the University of St. Andrews, Arché was founded in 1998, with a mission to foster research of excellence on fundamental questions in analytical metaphysics, formal and philosophical logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of mind. The Centre receives funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) for several major research projects (some ongoing, some now completed): The Logical and Metaphysical Foundations of Classical Mathematics; The Grudgesetze Translation Project; The Metaphysics and Epistemology of Modality; and Vagueness: its Nature and Logic. The site carries detailed descriptions of these projects and selections from published or pre-print results (many in PDF format), and invites philosophers to collaborate. Indeed, the centre is proud of its commitment to collaborative work, and regards itself as a focal point for scholars in the field. Information on fellowships, graduate studies and events are all available on the site, as is the Arché Twiki, a forum for discussion and exchange of ideas.
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Association for Symbolic Logic (ASL)
http://www.aslonline.org/
Founded in 1936, The Association for Symbolic Logic is an international organisation supporting the presentation, publication, and critical discussion of scholarly work in the field of logic. It includes mathematicians, linguists and computer scientists as well as philosophers. The Association's well-designed website offers information on the ASL's meetings; summer schools; publications; membership; and its newsletter. The Association for Symbolic Logic's two official journals: The Journal of Symbolic Logic; and The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic are accessible (by subscription only) via the site, as are its many publications (all published in cooperation with the publisher A.K. Peters, Ltd). Additional sections contained on the site which may be useful to the student of logic include: Student Travel Awards; and Prizes and Awards. The site is well maintained and easy to navigate.
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Australasian journal of logic
http://www.philosophy.unimelb.edu.au/ajl/
The Australasian Journal of Logic (AJL)(ISSN: 1448-5052) is an online peer-reviewed academic journal which focuses on pure and applied logic. It was launched in 2003 and is edited by Greg Restall, an associate professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Melbourne. This homepage contains information about the journal's scope, rationale, submission policy and refereeing procedure. It allows access to all materials published in the journal since the first volume was released in July 2003. These are presented as PDF and Adobe Acrobat Reader can be downloaded from the site. The journal is published by the Australasian Association for Logic.
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Bertrand : symbolic logic problem solving software for the Macintosh
http://www.uwosh.edu/faculty_staff/herzberg/Bertrand.html
Bertrand is a symbolic logic software program for the Macintosh, which may be downloaded free from this site. Using a decomposition/instantiation algorithm inspired by the "consistency tree" method found in Leblanc and Wisdom's textbook, 'Deductive Logic', Bertrand solves sets of first-order symbolic logic statements (subject-identity supported) for satisfiability (consistency), validity, and equivalence. It also checks single statements for logical truth and logical falsity, and produces truth-tables for single truth functional statements. Whilst solutions are being found by Bertrand, "status reports" are issued which give the user insight into the method by which it contructs the tree that provides a solution to the problem. These status reports can be looked through one at a time, or they can be disabled entirely in order to increase the speed with which a solution is found. Bertrand is available in three formats: as a native 68K application, as a native PowerPC application, or as a "FAT" application.
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Blogic : a Web logic textbook
http://www.nyu.edu/classes/velleman/blogic/
The innovative Blogic website consists of an online interactive logic tutor. Originally designed for philosophy undergraduates at the University of Michigan, and now based at New York University, the course introduces formal logic in a reasonably straightforward manner whilst providing exercises and tests along the way, the results of which are then used to illustrate later points. The course covers: logical relations; propositional logic; probability; modal logic; and quantification. There are interactive exercises relating to categorical syllogisms and truth tables. This is an excellent site that makes good use of the capabilities of the Internet. The course should prove useful to anyone wishing to brush up on his or her logic. The site uses pop-up windows and requires a JavaScript-enabled browser.
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British Logic Colloquium
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~exr/blc/
The British Logic Colloquium (BLC) was formed in 1977 to "support, promote, and foster the study of logic" in Britain. Its emphasis is on mathematical logic, a fundamental tool of contemporary analytic philosophy. The BLC aims to foster greater communication between logicians working in different fields. The well-designed website is broken into several sections, including: aims of the colloquium; grants to members; membership; newsletters; and recent PhD theses in logic. In addition to its other activities, and most importantly for the student of logic, the BLC sponsors both international and national logic meetings. Information about these meetings is available on the website. All information is freely available.
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Causal understanding : empirical and theoretical foundations for a new approach
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/philosophy/research/conandselfcon/causal/
This is the homepage of an AHRC-funded project on 'Causal Understanding: Empirical and Theoretical Foundations for a New Approach'. It is a 4-year project which spanned from 2004 to 2008 and was hosted by the Philosophy Department at the University of Warwick. The initiative had sought to bring together philosophers and psychologists in order to help devise a sound empirical and theoretical framework that would advance research on the nature of causal understanding. This website contains the project statement; a bibliography with a number of links to articles that are available online; and details of the seminars and workshops they organise. The project is directed by Christoph Hoerl and Johannes Roessler of the University of Warwick, and Teresa McCormack of the Queens University of Belfast. A search engine is provided.
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Charles S. Peirce
http://www.peirce.org/
This website is devoted to the American philosopher and polymath Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914). Active in a great many areas of philosophical research, Peirce is probably best known for his contributions to logic and semiotics, and as one of the fathers of American pragmatism. The website starts with an inadequate biographical sketch of Peirce, although after this the content improves somewhat. There is a selected bibliography of a small number of his published papers, six of which are reproduced in full. These include his well-known "On a New List of Categories", three essays on cognition, and two "illustrations of the logic of science". The third section of the site covers the community of Peirce scholars. It includes links to pages about the progress of the edition of his complete works, instructions for signing up to an email discussion list, and links to other related materials.
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Computational logic
http://www.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~rd/logic.html
This Internet resource is the home page of a computational logic research project based at the University of St. Andrews. The activity of the group focuses on the construction of proof assistants and theorem-provers for various types of logic. The most notable feature of the site is its inclusion of a range of logic software (non-Macintosh and Macintosh compatible), which has been developed within the research group. Among the software available here is: a counter-model generator for intuitionistic propositional logic; decision procedure for intuitionistic propositional logic / propositional Dummett logic; and MacLogic 2.5 and 3. In addition, the site includes a list of recent publications of the research group and details of conferences and events in computational logic and related fields.
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Critical thinking on the Web
http://www.austhink.com/critical/
Critical Thinking on the Web offers a comprehensive guide to Web resources on critical thinking and related topics, giving well-annotated links to scores of useful sites. It covers argument mapping, definitions of critical thinking, fallacies, and a whole host of other aspects of the subject, and includes everything from complete online courses to brief humorous (though still informative) articles. The site is easy to navigate: the front page gives a list of categories into which the resources are sorted, along with the site's author's top ten recommendations, details of newly added links (the site is updated frequently), and a search function. A valuable resource for anyone studying, teaching, or merely interested in critical thinking.
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Critical thinking Web
http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/
Critical Thinking Web is an online resource providing over a hundred free tutorials on critical thinking, logic, and reasoning. The tutorials, most of which are fairly short, are suitable for independent use by students. Topics covered include: the nature of critical thinking and how to improve it; analysis of meaning and arguments; sentential (propositional) logic; basic statistics; and fallacies and biases. Additionally, the site offers a downloadable mini-guide to critical thinking, plus a set of exercises suitable for use in class teaching (both available as PDF documents). Compiled by Dr Joe Lau of the University of Hong Kong and Dr Jonathan Chan of Hong Kong Baptist University, this resource is available in English and both traditional and simplified Chinese.
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Daily translation, The
http://www.univnorthco.edu/philosophy/trans.html
This site gives a new translation task each day, from English into formal logic. Each translation exercise is set in the context of a mock newspaper article, often based on actual past news events. The level of logic required is elementary. An archive of previous translations is made available, and involves one or more possible translations of the sentence plus a brief commentary. Each challenge is presented as a GIF format image. This is part of the University of Northern Colorado Philosophy website, and links to other pages and external sites of interest to philosophy students can be found, including a "Primer" on arguments and their evaluations, and an "Argument Clinic" in which the reader is invited to submit arguments to the faculty for examination and assessment. The Daily Translation would be a useful exercise for undergraduates learning or seeking to maintain basic skills in logic.
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Formalization of ancient logic
http://logic.glashoff.net/
Klaus Glashoff is a former professor of mathematics at University of Hamburg, Germany. He created this website as part of his interest in investigating and interpreting systems of formal logic through the application of modern symbolic logic. The systems in question are: the ancient Greek logic of Aristotle (384-322 BCE); the medieaval Indian Buddhist logic of Dignaga (480-540); and the early modern logic of Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716). Each of the three logicians is introduced with a brief biography and then treated in a series of papers by Glashoff in PDF format. Most papers are in English though several are in German. The running theme throughout is the rewards and pitfalls of transcribing the various systems of logic into modern symbolic notation. Also available is an online programme for experimentation and research in Aristotelian logic. This site would appeal to advanced students and researchers familiar with modern symbolic logic and with an interest in the history of logic or different logical systems.
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Front for the arXiv
http://front.math.ucdavis.edu/math.LO
This is an overlay of the logic section of the mathematics arXiv, which allows logicians and philosophers of mathematics to publish papers online, usually prior to any print appearance. The main site is run out of Cornell University and this, the front site, is maintained at University of California, Davis. It collects and archives the titles and abstracts from the main site weekly, and allows one to browse or search the archive by author, title or words. Papers can be retrieved in PostScript or PDF format. Submissions are monitored, and information on contributing articles is given in the FAQ section. One can also subscribe to an email list in order to be alerted to new articles. The logic branch of the mathematics arXiv is a forum for serious researchers in logic and mathematics to air their recent work, and the site would be of interest to advanced researchers in the field. It is part of the larger mathematics arXiv, which publishes e-prints in many areas of mathematics, computer science, physics and quantitative biology.
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Future of humanity institute
http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/
'The Future of Humanity Institute' (FHI) describes itself as... "a unique multidisciplinary research institute at the University of Oxford" operating as part of the Oxford Faculty of Philosophy. The Institute seeks to engage in pioneering research in the ethics of areas such as: 'Human enhancement'; 'Global catastrophic risks'; 'Rationality and wisdom' in decision-making; and 'Future technologies'. The FHI website offers a full description of FHI staff, and there are also progress reports to download in PDF format. Video is available for some of the guest lectures at the FHI. The pages that detail each of the main research strands also offer full-text PDF papers for download, and links to FHI weblogs.
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Gateway to logic
http://logik.phl.univie.ac.at/~chris/gateway/formular-uk.html
This Internet resource is dedicated to the provision of a selection of logic software, including a proof checker, proof builder, client and server side processors which handle Parse trees, alpha graphs relating to the work of C.S. Peirce, Begriffsschrift notation relating to the work of Gottlob Frege, Polish logic notation, truth-tables, normal forms, miscellaneous operations in classical propositional logic and some multi-valued logics. The various logical functions offered by the logic programs available here are usefully divided into four main categories. New users are advised to experiment with each category of functions. Some, such as the client side functions, require a Java-enabled browser. The site is available in both English and German, and would be of interest to advanced students and researchers in formal logic.
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Gensler's philosophy exercises
http://www.jcu.edu/philosophy/gensler/exercise.htm
This webpage contains links to multiple-choice quizzes on a variety of philosophical subjects, including: ethics; logic; philosophy of religion; and various historical and contemporary figures in ethics and analytic philosophy. The exercises, which are generally at an undergraduate introductory level, are designed by Harry J. Gensler of John Carroll University. Each quiz contains some brief introductory material on the topic to hand, and an indication of the specific texts on which the quiz qustions are based, though in many cases the exercises could be tackled by any student with a general familiarity with the subject. There are also lists of related sites of interest, both on the home page and on the various exercise pages, though some of the links are broken. This site would be of interest to undergraduates seeking to test or review their basic knowledge of topics in philosophy.
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Jape : a framework for building interactive proof editors
http://users.comlab.ox.ac.uk/bernard.sufrin/jape.html
This is the website of Jape, a tool for teaching formal reasoning, developed at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory. Downloads, documentation and further links to using Jape are available here.Jape provides an editing environment for proofs to be compiled and re-compiled, through which proofs can be reached in a variety of sequences, and can have multiple conclusions. A set of conjectures is provided for those new to logic, giving the premise and conclusion; the student must supply the 'missing' sequences. Proofs can be worked through using forward and backward reasoning. A range of drop-down menus provides access to rules that can be selected. Files can be saved for later use or printed out. Jape contains a set of rules and syntax, supporting the following logics: rules of Barwise and Etchemendy's The Language of First Order Logic, single- and multiple-conclusion sequent calculus, axiomatic set theory, equational reasoning in functional programs, Hindley-Milner polymorphic type assignment and BAN authentication-protocol logic. Jape can be edited to add further logic encodings. A user manual is provided electronically, and can be printed off.
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Kurt Gödel Society
http://www.logic.tuwien.ac.at/kgs/
This is the website of the Kurt Gödel Society - an international organisation for the promotion of research in the areas of logic, philosophy, and the history of mathematics. Kurt Gödel (1906-1978) was a leading figure of the Vienna Circle. He is best remembered for his work on logic and mathematics. The site provides a brief biography of Gödel, but is primarily concerned with providing information about Society events, such as conferences, lecture series, and publications. There are links to other Internet resources on Gödel and on logic, as well as details about joining the Society and the Society's mailing list.
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Logic
http://www.philosophypages.com/lg/
'Logic' is part of the Philosophy Pages online resource created by Garth Kemerling. This subsite, based on material from three basic introductory undergraduate texts, provides clear and comprehensive essays which explain the principles and ideas of Elementary Logic. Within each essay, terms that require further definition are hyperlinked to Kemerling's Philosophical Dictionary, also on the site. Essays are arranged under the following headings: logical arguments; uses of language; definition and meaning; fallacies of relevance, presumption, and ambiguity; categorical propositions and immediate inferences; categorical syllogisms and their validity; syllogisms in ordinary language; logical symbols expressing argument form and statement form; rules of inference and replacement to prove validity or invalidity; basics of quantification theory; analogical inferences; causal reasoning; scientific explanation; and probability theory. There is also a short bibliography, with links to an online retailer that sells the recommended books. Undergraduates ought to find this site a helpful study aid.
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Logic café
http://www.oakland.edu/phil/cafe/
The Logic Café is a free online introductory course in symbolic logic. It comprises nine tutorials, each of which is a combination of explanatory text, demonstrations and practical exercises. Users are also invited to print out a reference guide, or to download the whole site for offline use. A special font needed to display some of the logical symbols correctly can also be downloaded. The courseware is aimed at the absolute beginner, and by and large is easy to follow, although there are one or two examples of technical terms being used without prior definition. There are many useful features, for example, animations that help to illustrate the principles being taught. The site uses cookies to record the point in the course that has been reached, and to keep a record of test results so far (this feature can be turned off if more than one person is using the same computer). Overall, a very useful resource for those wanting to learn the basics of symbolic logic.
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Logic for fun : gateway
http://logic4fun.rsise.anu.edu.au/
This is an interactive educational website featuring logic puzzles for students of formal logic, computing science, or critical thinking. It requires subscription and payment of a modest fee in order to access the full set of puzzles, though a sample can be looked at for free. The purpose of the site is to provide a challenging but recreational adjunct to logic learning; this is not an online logic course. The resolution of the problems involves translating the problems into a simple logical language in order that the computer may automatically solve them. It is therefore of interest to computing and philosophy students alike. The site was authored and developed by John Slaney, a member of the Computer Sciences Laboratory based at the Australian National University. Accounts may be set up for individual users or groups and are valid for one year. Non-subscribers can access information, registration details, and a frequently-asked questions section.
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Logic toolbox
http://philosophy.lander.edu/~jsaetti/Welcome.html
The Logic Toolbox consists of a number of online tutorials and tools for logic students. Each part of the site consists of an interactive Java applet that focuses on a particular aspect of formal logic. There are tutorials dealing with categorical propositions and Venn diagrams, and proof checkers and helpers. Calculators for categorical propositions, syllogisms, and truth tables are also provided. A section on inference rules and strategy for propositional logic features the following sections: 'Modus Ponens'; 'Modus Tollens'; disjunctive and hypothetical syllogisms; constructive dilemmas; simplification; conjunction; addition; commutation; association; distribution; transposition; implication; and exportation. The site assumes prior knowledge of formal logic, although the various tools are accompanied by 'ReadMe' files explaining how they are to be used. A couple of the applets did not seem to be fully functional when tested, although there should still be plenty enough here to interest logicians, and the site demonstrates how online technology may be used to assist instruction in formal logic.
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Logic tools
http://home.utah.edu/~nahaj/logic/
Logic Tools is a website designed by John Halleck, who is based at the University of Utah. The main Logic Tools page offers a table of contents to other additional subpages. First, the Expression Evaluator page provides a program which employs standard predicate calculus to determine whether or not an expression can be always true, always false, or can be both. Second, there is a three-valued modal logic Expression Evaluator. Third, there is Check Modal System Extensions, intended to aid in the investigation of extensions of modal logics with finite distinct modalities. Fourth, Halleck offers a Logic Calculator which produces axiomatic proofs. In addition to these tools, there is a subsection on Logic System Interrelationships, with detailed information on logic systems, axioms, and rules. Certain other parts of the site remain under construction. The site can be slightly confusing, with various pages hyperlinked in different ways, and some important material embedded in obscure places. Nevertheless, there is a wealth of information here, and explanations are clear. The resource should prove useful to scholars and students working in logic, with some existing background in the area.
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Logical fallacies : the fallacy files
http://www.fallacyfiles.org/
The Fallacy Files website provides an extensive set of examples of logical fallacies, or mistakes in reasoning, ordered alphabetically and including alternate names by which specific fallacies are known. The fallacies may also be explored through a taxonomy based on the fallacy/sub-fallacy model. Each fallacy has a page of description and analysis, which includes examples. Each fallacy file includes the 'type', 'form' and sub-fallacies associated with the fallacy being defined, as well the resource from which this information is drawn. The site includes a selection of fallacy examples found 'in the wild', from newspapers, magazines and other media. A section on Sources and Resources provides information on other web and print-based resources concerning fallacies and infomal logic. A weblog for the Fallacy Files website includes email from readers, and further provision and discussion of examples of fallacious thought. The site is easy to navigate. It will be of use to undergraduates studying critical thinking or informal logic, and also to teachers, who may need to brush up on their knowledge of logical fallacies.
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