Learning and Teaching Support Network Resource Discovery Network

RDN/LTSN LOM application profile (RLLOMAP)

Version 1.0

Andy Powell, UKOLN, University of Bath


1. Introduction

This document describes an RDN/LTSN metadata application profile for use within RDN/LTSN partnership activities (and elsewhere). This application profile is based on the IEEE LOM and is compliant with the UK LOM Core.

The primary purpose of this application profile to support record sharing between RDN and LTSN services using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). However, this application profile will also be used by the Learning and Teaching Portal and may be treated as a candidate application profile for use by X4L projects.

2. Functional model

The application profile described here will support the following kinds of searches within services that make use of the metadata:

Furthermore, services will be able to filter the results of those searches based on:

Services will be able to offer browse interfaces based on:

When resource descriptions are displayed, services will be able to show:

in addition to title, author, publisher, keywords and description.

3. Summary

The table below summarises the IEEE LOM elements that are used in the RDN/LTSN application profile. Elements that are emboldened in grey table cells are those elements that contain descriptive values. All other elements are either structural container elements used in the IEEE LOM XML binding or elements that contain the fixed value shown in the 'notes' field.

Mandatory means that a value must be supplied. Desirable means that a value should be supplied unless there is a valid reason not to. Optional means that a value may be supplied if desired.
LOM element Notes Mandatory,
Desirable or
Optional
DC mapping
1. general   M  
   1.1 identifier   M  
       1.1.1 catalog "URI" M  
       1.1.2 entry auto-assign a POI based on the oai-identifier assigned to the record in the OAI repository M dc:identifier (scheme="URI")
   1.2 title   M dc:title
   1.3 language   M dc:language
   1.4 description   M dc:description
   1.5 keyword   D dc:subject
   1.6 coverage   O dc:coverage
2. lifeCycle   M  
   2.3 contribute   M  
       2.3.1 role "publisher" M  
       2.3.2 entity   M dc:publisher
       2.3.1 role "author" D  
       2.3.2 entity   D dc:creator
3. metaMetadata   D  
   3.1 identifier   O  
       3.1.1 catalog "URI" O  
       3.1.2 entry use the oai-identifier assigned to the record in the OAI repository O  
   3.2 contribute   O  
       3.2.1 role "creator" O  
       3.2.2 entity   O  
       3.2.3 date   O  
   3.3 metadatascheme "LOMv1.0" D  
   3.4 language a language encoded according to RFC 3066 O dc:language
4. technical   D  
   4.1 format MIME type D dc:format (scheme="IMT")
   4.2 size size in bytes (a number) O dcterms:extent
   4.3 location URL M dc:identifier (scheme="URI")
   4.6 otherPlatformRequirements   O  
5. educational   D  
   5.2 learningResourceType taken from RDNLTSNType or DCMIType D dc:type (scheme="RDNLTSNType" or scheme="DCMIType")
   5.6 context taken from UKEC ("nursery education" or "primary education" or "secondary education" or "sixth form college" or "further education" or "higher education" or "continuous professional development" or "vocational training" or "community education") O  
   5.10 description   O dc:description
6. rights   M  
   6.2 copyrightAndOtheRrestrictions "yes" or "no" M  
   6.3 description   D dc:rights
7. relation   O  
   7.1 kind "ispartof" or "haspart" or "isversionof" or "hasversion" or "isformatof" or "hasformat" or "references" or "isreferencedby" or "isbasedon" or "isbasisfor" or "requires" or "isrequiredby" O  
   7.2 resource URL O dc:relation
8. annotation   O  
   8.3 description   O  
9. classification   D  
   9.1 purpose "discipline" D  
   9.2 taxonPath   D  
       9.2.1 source "JACS" or "learndirect" D  
       9.2.2 taxon   D  
             9.2.2.1 id   D dc:subject (scheme="JACS") or dc:subject (scheme="Learndirect")
             9.2.2.2 entry   D
9. classification   D  
   9.1 purpose "educational level" D  
   9.2 taxonPath   D  
       9.2.1 source "UKEL" D  
       9.2.2 taxon   D  
             9.2.2.2 entry "UK Educational Level 1" or "UK Educational Level 2" or "UK Educational Level 3" or "UK Educational Level 4" or "UK Educational Level 5" or "UK Educational Level 6" or "UK Educational Level 7" or "UK Educational Level 8" or "UK Educational Level 9" or "UK Educational Level 10" or "UK Educational Level 11" or "UK Educational Level 12" D dcterms:educationLevel (scheme="UKEL")
9. classification   O  
   9.1 purpose "idea" O  
   9.2 taxonPath   O  
       9.2.1 source "NLM" or "Ei" or "MSC" or "HESA"or "APA" or "CABI" or "RCN" or "IBSS" or "HASSET" or "CareData" or "LIR" or "Bized" or "LCSH" or "MESH" or "LCC" or "DDC" or "UDC" or "LTSN Policy Themes Vocabulary Version 1.0" O  
       9.2.2 taxon   O  
             9.2.2.1 id   O dc:subject (scheme="NLM") or dc:subject (scheme="Ei") or ...
             9.2.2.2 entry   O
9. classification   O  
   9.1 purpose "educational objective" O  
   9.2 taxonPath   O  
       9.2.1 source "LTSN Pedagogic Vocabulary Version 1.0" O  
       9.2.2 taxon   O  
             9.2.2.2 entry   O  

Notes

4. Usage guidelines

This section contains usage guidelines for each of the emboldened elements in grey cells in the table above.

The recommendations presented here are based on the UK LOM Core and the RDN Cataloguing Guidelines.

1.1.2 entry (general.identifier)
LOM definition:
A globally unique label that identifies this learning object.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Assign an oai-identifier to the metadata 'item' in the OAI repository. Use the oai-identifier as the basis for a PURL-based Object Identifier (POI). Use the POI as the value for this element. Use your RDN or LTSN DNS domain name (without any leading 'www.' prefix) as the oai-identifier namespace-identifier.
1.2 title
LOM definition:
Name given to this learning object.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Transcribe the title preserving the original wording, order and spelling. Only capitalize proper nouns. Punctuation need not reflect the usage of the original. Subtitles should be separated from the title using a colon (':'). This element may not be repeated, so only one title may be encoded.
1.3 language
LOM definition:
The primary human language or languages used within this learning object to communicate to the intended user.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Use the language codes defined in RFC 3066, for example:
en-GB
Note: only two-letter language codes should be used (not three-letter) and there must be no white-space in the value of this element.
1.4 description
LOM definition:
A textual description of the content of this learning object.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
The description should be a concise, keyword-intensive description of the object. If the learning object has an abstract or table of contents, that information can be included here. Where possible, restrict descriptions to about one paragraph in length. The general description should not be confused with the educational description of the object.
1.5 keyword
LOM definition:
A keyword or phrase describing the topic of this learning object.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
In general, choose the most significant and unique words for keywords, avoiding those too general to describe a particular object. If the subject of the learning object is a person, enter their name using the 'familyname, forename' format. For example:
Shakespeare, William
If the subject of the learning object is an organisation, enter its name. If the name is hierarchical, list the parts of the hierarchy from largest to smallest, separated by full stops. For example:
Bank of England
For multiple free-text keywords repeat the element for each term. There are no requirements regarding the capitalization of keywords though internal (within hub or centre) consistency is recommended.
1.6 coverage
LOM definition:
The time, culture, geography or region to which this learning object applies.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Use this element to provide information about the geographical or temporal coverage of the learning object. For geographical coverage, select a term from the LTSN geographical coverage vocabulary version 1.0 list, for example:
International
For temporal coverage, provide a date that conforms to the W3C Date and Time Formats note, for example:
2003-09-25
2.3.2 entity (lifeCycle.contribute)
LOM definition:
The identification of and information about entities (i.e., people, organizations) contributing to this learning object. The entities shall be ordered as most relevant first.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Use this element to provide information about the author and/or publisher of the learning object by setting '2.3.1 role' to 'author' or 'publisher' as appropriate. Structure the value according to vCard. You must use the FN and N vCard elements, enclosed between BEGIN:VCARD and END:VCARD. You must include a VERSION element. If necessary and/or known, use the ORG element to indicate the affiliation of the person. For organisations, place the name into FN, place the name into the 'additional names' component of N (leaving all other components blank) and place the name into ORG. Additional vCard elements may be used but it is recommended that the total number should be kept to a minimum for the sake of simplicity. Separate vCard components with a newline (a CRLF pair, except when the first character of the following line is a space or a tab) and escape semicolons, colons and commas thus: \;, \: and \, where these characters appear in a component value. Within the N element, semicolons are field delimiters and should not be escaped. Commas are used as list seperators and should not be escaped unless part of a value such as ORG:Pugwash\, Bates and Cabinboy Ltd.. A vCard component may be folded over multiple lines by starting the second and subsequent lines with a space or tab character. For this reason it is not a good idea to pretty-format (i.e. indent) your vCard entry within the XML document. Lines longer than 75 characters should be folded. Use a CDATA block to preserve the newlines in the vCard data. Names provided in the FN element should be in the 'Forename Familyname' format.
3.1.2 entry (metaMetadata.identifier)
LOM definition:
A globally unique label that identifies this metadata record.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Assign an oai-identifier to the metadata 'item' in the OAI repository.
3.2.2 entity (metaMetadata.contribute)
LOM definition:
The identification of and information about the people or organizations contributing to this metadata instance, most relevant first.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Use this element to provide information about the publisher of the metadata record by setting '2.3.1 role' to 'creator'. Structure the value according to vCard. You must use the FN and N vCard elements, enclosed between BEGIN:VCARD and END:VCARD. You must include a VERSION element. If necessary and/or known, use the ORG element to indicate the affiliation of the person. For organisations, place the name into FN, place the name into the 'additional names' component of N (leaving all other components blank) and place the name into ORG. Additional vCard elements may be used but it is recommended that the total number should be kept to a minimum for the sake of simplicity. Separate vCard components with a newline (a CRLF pair, except when the first character of the following line is a space or a tab) and escape semicolons, colons and commas thus: \;, \: and \, where these characters appear in a component value. Within the N element, semicolons are field delimiters and should not be escaped. Commas are used as list seperators and should not be escaped unless part of a value such as ORG:Pugwash\, Bates and Cabinboy Ltd.. A vCard component may be folded over multiple lines by starting the second and subsequent lines with a space or tab character. For this reason it is not a good idea to pretty-format (i.e. indent) your vCard entry within the XML document. Lines longer than 75 characters should be folded. Use a CDATA block to preserve the newlines in the vCard data. Names provided in the FN element should be in the 'Forename Familyname' format.
3.2.3 date (metaMetadata.contribute)
LOM definition:
The date of the contribution.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
The date of creation of the learning resource, formatted according to the W3C Date and Time Formats note, for example:
2003-09-25
3.4 language (metaMetadata)
LOM definition:
Language of this metadata instance. This is the default language for all LangString values in this metadata instance. If a value for this data element is not present in a metadata instance, then there is no default language for LangString values.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Use the language codes defined in RFC 3066, for example:
en-GB
Note: only two-letter language codes should be used (not three-letter) and there must be no white-space in the value of this element.
4.1 format
LOM definition:
Technical datatype(s) of (all the components of) this learning object. This data element shall be used to identify the software needed to access the learning object.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
The value must be a MIME type. The MIME type of all compenents should be encoded. For example, for a Flash animation in an HTML Web page, repeat this element to encode both 'text/html' and 'application/x-shockwave-flash'. Do not use this element for physical objects.
4.2 size
LOM definition:
The size of the digital learning object in bytes (octets). The size is represented as a decimal value (radix 10). Consequently, only the digits "0" through "9" should be used. The unit is bytes, not Mbytes, GB, etc. This data element shall refer to the actual size of this learning object. If the learning object is compressed, then this data element shall refer to the uncompressed size.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
None.
4.3 location
LOM definition:
A string that is used to access this learning object. It may be a location (e.g., Universal Resource Locator), or a method that resolves to a location (e.g., Universal Resource Identifier). The first element of this list shall be the preferable location.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
The URL of the learning object, typically as served by a learning object repository. For bibliographic physical objects (books and journals), encode an OpenURL as follows:
openurl:?genre=article&
atitle=Information%20gateways:%20collaboration%20on%20content
&title=Online%20Information%20Review
&issn=1468-4527&volume=24&spage=40&epage=45
&artnum=1&aulast=Heery&aufirst=Rachel
Note that this has been wrapped for readability. For non-bibliographic physical resources (e.g. VHS videos), provide the URL of a Web page or service that describes how to obtain the resource.
4.6 otherPlatformRequirements
LOM definition:
Information about other software and hardware requirements.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Use as a general comment element to describe any technical information the user may require in order to use the object that has not already been described in 4.1 format.
5.2 learningResourceType
LOM definition:
Specific kind of learning object. The most dominant kind shall be first.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Select a term from the RDNLTSNType list or the DCMIType list. Recommended best practice is to repeat this element and choose at least one term from each list.
5.6 context (educational)
LOM definition:
The principal environment within which the learning and use of this learning object is intended to take place.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Select a level from the UK Educational Contexts (UKEC) list (the list of educational contexts defined in the UK LOM Core document).
5.10 description (educational)
LOM definition:
Comments on how this learning object is to be used.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Use this element to indicate possible educational uses for an object. For example: "This resource can be used as an introduction to the topic". This element should not be confused with 1.4 general.description.
6.2 copyrightAndOtherRestrictions
LOM definition:
Whether copyright or other restrictions apply to the use of this learning object.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Set the value of this element to either 'yes' or 'no' to indicate whether there are any restrictions on the use of this learning object. If the value is 'yes', a description of the restrictions should be included in the '6.3 description' element.
6.3 description (rights)
LOM definition:
Comments on the conditions of use of this learning object.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
A description of the copyright status and/or any restrictions on the use of this learning object.
7.2 resource (relation)
LOM definition:
The target learning object that this relationship references.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Use the URL for the related resource.
8.3 description (annotation)
LOM definition:
The content of this annotation.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
A description of using the object in a teaching and learning situation.
9.2.2.1 id (classification, purpose=discipline)
LOM definition:
The identifier of the taxon, such as a number or letter combination provided by the source of the taxonomy.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Use the JACS and/or learndirect classification schemes. If using JACS, encode the JACS code (e.g. 'B920'). If using learndirect, encode the learndirect notation (e.g. 'PL.11')
9.2.2.2 entry (classification, purpose=discipline)
LOM definition:
The textual label of the taxon.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Use the JACS and/or learndirect classification schemes. If using JACS, encode the JACS label (e.g. 'Occupational Health'). If using learndirect, encode the learndirect term (e.g. 'occupational health').
9.2.2.2 entry (classification, purpose=educational level)
LOM definition:
The textual label of the taxon.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Select a level from the UK Educational Levels (UKEL) list. Note this list is based on the SCQF list.
9.2.2.1 id (classification, purpose=idea)
LOM definition:
The identifier of the taxon, such as a number or letter combination provided by the source of the taxonomy.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Use a notation or classmark from one of the classification schemes listed in '9.2.1 source'
9.2.2.2 entry (classification, purpose=idea)
LOM definition:
The textual label of the taxon.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Use a term from one of the classification schemes listed in '9.2.1 source' above.
9.2.2.2 entry (classification, purpose=educational objective
LOM definition:
The textual label of the taxon.
RDN/LTSN guidelines:
Select a term from the LTSN pedagogic vocabulary version 1.0.

5. XML bindings

This section shows an example RDN/LTSN metadata record using four XML bindings: LOM, qualified DC, simple DC and IMS.

The same example metadata is shown in each binding - a description of a 'learning path' through the Wilfred Owen Multimedia Digital Archive (WOMDA).

RDN/LTSN partnerships should use the LOM binding when exchanging metadata records between partners using the OAI-PMH. Internal RDN record sharing may use the qualified DC binding if preferred. In both cases, any OAI-compliant repository must also be able to expose views of all records using the simple DC binding.

The IMS binding is provided for information only.

5.1 LOM binding

[instance metadata] [ validate]
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> 

<!-- oai:rdn.ac.uk:12345-67890 -->

<lom xmlns="http://ltsc.ieee.org/xsd/LOMv1p0"
     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
     xsi:schemaLocation="http://ltsc.ieee.org/xsd/LOMv1p0
                         http://www.rdn.ac.uk/oai/lom/lom.xsd">

  <general>
    <identifier>
      <catalog>URI</catalog>
      <entry>http://purl.org/poi/rdn.ac.uk/12345-67890</entry>
    </identifier>
    <title>
      <string language="en-GB">Wilfred Owen and Realism</string>
    </title>
    <language>en-GB</language>
    <description>
      <string language="en-GB">
        This pathway should be of use to anyone studying Wilfred Owen at
        GCSE (or High school level in the US). By looking at visual and
        other evidence in the The Wilfred Owen Multimedia Digital
        Archive (WOMDA), it aims to raise the issue of realism in
        Owen's verse.
      </string>
    </description>
    <keyword>
      <string language="en-GB">
        Owen, Wilfred
      </string>
    </keyword>
    <keyword>
      <string language="en-GB">
        Poetry
      </string>
    </keyword>
    <keyword>
      <string language="en-GB">
        Realism
      </string>
    </keyword>
    <keyword>
      <string language="en-GB">
        First World War
      </string>
    </keyword>
    <keyword>
      <string language="en-GB">
        WWI
      </string>
    </keyword>
  </general>
  <lifeCycle>
    <contribute>
      <role>
        <source>LOMv1.0</source>
        <value>publisher</value>
      </role>
      <entity><![CDATA[BEGIN:VCARD
FN:University of Oxford
N:;;University of Oxford
ORG:University of Oxford
VERSION:3.0
END:VCARD]]></entity>
    </contribute>
    <contribute>
      <role>
        <source>LOMv1.0</source>
        <value>author</value>
      </role>
      <entity><![CDATA[BEGIN:VCARD
FN:City of London School
N:;;City of London School
ORG:City of London School
VERSION:3.0
END:VCARD]]></entity>
    </contribute>
  </lifeCycle>
  <metaMetadata>
    <identifier>
      <catalog>URI</catalog>
      <entry>oai:rdn.ac.uk:12345-67890</entry>
    </identifier>
    <contribute>
      <role>
        <source>LOMv1.0</source>
        <value>creator</value>
      </role>
      <entity><![CDATA[BEGIN:VCARD
FN:RDN
N:;;RDN
ORG:RDN
VERSION:3.0
END:VCARD]]></entity>
      <date>
        <dateTime>2003-03-20</dateTime>
      </date>
    </contribute>
    <metadataSchema>LOMv1.0</metadataSchema>
    <language>en-GB</language>
  </metaMetadata>
  <technical>
    <format>text/html</format>
    <format>application/gif</format>
    <format>application/mpeg</format>
    <format>application/quicktime</format>
    <location>http://www.hcu.ox.ac.uk/...</location>
    <otherPlatformRequirements>
      <string language="en-GB">
        Web browser
      </string>
    </otherPlatformRequirements>
  </technical>
  <educational>
    <learningResourceType>
      <source>RDNLTSNType</source>
      <value>Computer-basedTutorial</value>
    </learningResourceType>
    <learningResourceType>
      <source>DCMIType</source>
      <value>InteractiveResource</value>
    </learningResourceType>
    <context>
      <source>UKEC</source>
      <value>higher education</value>
    </context>
  </educational>
  <rights>
    <copyrightAndOtherRestrictions>
      <source>LOMv1.0</source>
      <value>no</value>
    </copyrightAndOtherRestrictions>
    <description>
      <string language="en-GB">
        (c) City of London School, 2003
      </string>
    </description>
  </rights>
  <classification>
    <purpose>
      <source>LOMv1.0</source>
      <value>discipline</value>
    </purpose>
    <taxonPath>
      <source>
        <string language="none">learndirect</string>
      </source>
      <taxon>
        <id>FC.4</id>
        <entry>
          <string language="none">English Literature</string>
        </entry>
      </taxon>
    </taxonPath>
    <taxonPath>
      <source>
        <string language="none">JACS</string>
      </source>
      <taxon>
        <id>Q320</id>
        <entry>
          <string language="none">English Literature</string>
        </entry>
      </taxon>
    </taxonPath>
  </classification>
  <classification>
    <purpose>
      <source>LOMv1.0</source>
      <value>educational level</value>
    </purpose>
    <taxonPath>
      <source>
        <string language="none">UKEL</string>
      </source>
      <taxon>
        <entry>
          <string language="none">level5</string>
        </entry>
      </taxon>
    </taxonPath>
  </classification>
</lom>

Notes:

5.2 Qualified DC binding

[instance metadata] [ validate]
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> 

<!-- oai:rdn.ac.uk:12345-67890 -->

<rdndc
  xmlns="http://www.rdn.ac.uk/oai/rdn_dc/"
  xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
  xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
  xmlns:rdnterms="http://purl.org/rdn/terms/"
  xmlns:meg="http://purl.org/meg/terms/"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.rdn.ac.uk/oai/rdn_dc/
  http://www.rdn.ac.uk/oai/rdn_dc/20030323/rdn_dc.xsd">
  <dc:title xml:lang="en-GB">Wilfred Owen and Realism</dc:title>
  <dc:language>en-GB</dc:language>
  <dc:description xml:lang="en-GB">
    This pathway should be of use to anyone studying Wilfred Owen at
    GCSE (or High school level in the US). By looking at visual and
    other evidence in the The Wilfred Owen Multimedia Digital
    Archive (WOMDA), it aims to raise the issue of realism in
    Owen's verse.
  </dc:description>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="en-GB">
    Owen, Wilfred
  </dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="en-GB">
    Poetry
  </dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="en-GB">
    Realism
  </dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="en-GB">
    First World War
  </dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="en-GB">
    WWI
  </dc:subject>
  <dc:publisher>University of Oxford</dc:publisher>
  <dc:creator>City of London School</dc:creator>
  <dc:format xsi:type="dcterms:IMT">text/html</dc:format>
  <dc:format xsi:type="dcterms:IMT">application/gif</dc:format>
  <dc:format xsi:type="dcterms:IMT">application/mpeg</dc:format>
  <dc:format xsi:type="dcterms:IMT">application/quicktime</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier xsi:type="dcterms:URI">http://www.hcu.ox.ac.uk/...</dc:identifier>
  <dc:identifier xsi:type="dcterms:URI">http://purl.org/poi/rdn.ac.uk/12345-67890</dc:identifier>
  <dc:type xsi:type="rdnterms:RDNLTSNType">Computer-basedTutorial</dc:type>
  <dc:type xsi:type="dcterms:DCMIType">InteractiveResource</dc:type>
  <dcterms:educationLevel xsi:type="meg:UKEL">level5</dcterms:educationLevel>
  <dc:rights xml:lang="en-GB">
    (c) City of London School, 2003
  </dc:rights>
  <dc:subject xsi:type="rdnterms:Learndirect">English literature, FC.4</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xsi:type="rdnterms:JACS">Q320 English Literature</dc:subject>
</rdndc>

Notes

5.3 Simple DC binding

[instance metadata] [ validate]
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> 

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Notes

5.4 IMS version 1.2.2 binding

Note: for information only. Do not use this binding in RDN/LTSN partnership activities.

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Notes:


Last modified: 10-Jul-2009
Revision details: $Id: index.html,v 1.32 2005/07/12 21:09:50 rdn Exp $